Master the 11 international commercial terms that define buyer and seller responsibilities in global trade. Click any term below for comprehensive details, African trade examples, and common mistakes.
Minimum seller obligation
Seller delivers to carrier
Seller pays carriage
Maximum seller obligation
Cost and Freight
Risk transfers: On board vessel (⚠️ risk gap)
Insurance: BuyerCost, Insurance and Freight
Risk transfers: On board vessel (seller insures min)
Insurance: Seller (min)Carriage Paid To
Risk transfers: At first carrier (⚠️ risk gap)
Insurance: BuyerCarriage and Insurance Paid To
Risk transfers: At first carrier (seller insures all-risks)
Insurance: Seller (ICC A)Answer these questions to find the right Incoterm for your shipment
You're exporting cocoa from Ghana. The buyer says they have better freight rates. Which Incoterm?
